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Pre-production Templates. Throughout his career, Drucker expanded his position that management was "a liberal art " and he infused his management advice with interdisciplinary lessons including history, sociology, psychology, philosophy, culture and religion.

He also strongly believed that all institutions, including those in the private sector, had a responsibility for the whole society.

If the managers of our major institutions, especially in business, do not take responsibility for the common good, no one else can or will. Others include a decreasing birth rate in developed countries, a shift in population from rural to urban centers, shifts in distribution of disposable income and global competitiveness.

Drucker believes these changes will have a tremendous impact on business. Business "gums" have come and gone during the last 50 years, but Drucker's message continues to inspire managers. In Managing for the Future: The s and Beyond , Drucker discussed the emergence of the "knowledge worker" — whose resources include specialized learning or competency rather than land, labor or other forms of capital. Questions Reading Passage 2 has 6 paragraphs A-F. Choose die correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list of headings below.

Write the correct number: i-x, in boxes on your answer sheet List of Headings i. Introducing new management concepts to postwar era ii. Ideas that stood the test of time iii. Early publications iv. Shifting the focus of management in modem manufactures v. Thinker and scholar with world-wide popularity vi. The changing role of employees in management viii. Find fault with Drucker ix. Paragraph c Drucker believed the employees should enjoy the same status as the employers in a company Drucker strongly support that economists of schools have resources to explain the problems of modem economies at least in a macroeconomics scope Write your answers in boxes 24 and 25 on your answer sheet.

Managers should be responsible for the common good of the whole society. Young executives should be given chances to start from low level jobs C. More emphasis should be laid on fostering the development of the union. Management should facilitate workers with tools of self-appraisal instead of controlling them from the outside. Write your answers in boxes 26 and 27 on your answer sheet. Which TWO of the following are mentioned in the passage as criticisms to Drucker and his views?

His lectures are too broad and lack of being precise and accurate about the facts, C. His concepts helped corporate executives but not average workers. His ideas are sometimes impractical and result in opposite outcomes. He was overstating the case for knowledge workers when warning businesses to get prepared.

Section 3 Extinct: the Giant Deer Toothed cats, mastodons, giant sloths, woolly rhinos, and many other big, shaggy mammals are widely thought to have died out around the end of the last ice age, some 10, years ago.

The Irish elk is also known as the giant deer Megaloceros giganteus. Analysis of ancient bones and teeth by scientists based in Britain and Russia show the huge herbivore survived until about 5, B. The research team says this suggests additional factors, besides climate change, probably hastened the giant deer's eventual extinction. The factors could include hunting or habitat destruction by humans. The Irish elk, so-called because its well-preserved remains are often found in lake sediments under peat bogs in Ireland, first appeared about , years ago in Europe and central Asia.

Through a combination of radiocarbon dating of skeletal remains and the mapping of locations where the remains were unearthed, the team shows the Irish elk was widespread across Europe before the last "big freeze.

He added that pollen analysis indicates the region then became very dry in response to further climactic change, leading to the loss of important food plants. Hunting by humans has often been put forward as a contributory cause of extinctions of the Pleistocene mega fauna. The team, though, said their new date for the Irish elk's extinction hints at an additional human-made problem—habitat destruction. Lister said, "We haven't got just hunting 7, years ago—this was also about the time the first Neolithic people settled in the region.

They were farmers who would have cleared the land. Meanwhile, Lister cast doubt on another possible explanation for the deer's demise—the male's huge antlers. Some scientists have suggested this exaggerated feature—the result of females preferring stags with the largest antlers, possibly because they advertised a male's fitness —contributed to the mammal's downfall.

They say such antlers would have been a serious inconvenience in the dense forests that spread northward after the last ice age. But, Lister said, "That's a hard argument to make, because the deer previously survived perfectly well through wooded interglacials [warmer periods between ice ages].

High amounts of calcium and phosphate compounds are required to form antlers, and therefore large quantities of these minerals are required for the massive structures of the Irish Elk. The males and male deer in general met this requirement partly from their bones, replenishing them from food plants after the antlers were grown or reclaiming the nutrients from discarded antlers as has been observed in extant deer.

Thus, in the antler growth phase. Giant Deer were suffering from a condition similar to osteoporosis. The extinction of megafauna around the world was almost completed by the end of the last ice age. It is believed that megafauna initially came into existence in response to glacial conditions and became extinct with the onset of warmer climates. Tropical and subtropical areas have experienced less radical climatic change.

The most dramatic of these changes was the transformation of a vast area of north Africa into the world's largest desert.

Significantly, Africa escaped major faunal extinction as did tropical and sub-tropical Asia. The human exodus from Africa and our entrance into the Americas and Australia were also accompanied by climate change.

Australia's climate changed from cold-dry to warm-dry. As a result, surface water became scarce. Most inland lakes became completely dry or dry in the warmer seasons. Most large, predominantly browsing animals lost their habitat and retreated to a narrow band in eastern Australia, where there was permanent water and better vegetation.

Some animals may have survived until about years ago. If people have been in Australia for up to 60 years, then megafauna must have co-existed with humans for at least 30 years. Regularly hunted modem kangaroos survived not only 10 years of Aboriginal hunting, but also an onslaught of commercial shooters. The group of scientists led by A. Stuart focused on northern Eurasia, which he was taking as Europe, plus Siberia, essentially, where they 've got the best data that animals became extinct in Europe during the Late Pleistocene.

Some cold-adapted animals, go through into the last part of the cold stage, and then become extinct up there. So you've actually got two phases of extinction.

Now, neither of these coincide — these are Neanderthals here being replaced by modem humans. There's no obvious coincidence between the arrival of humans or climatic change alone and these extinctions. There's a climatic change here, so there's a double effect here. Again, as animals come through to the last part of the cold stage, here there's a fundamental change in the climate, reorganization of vegetation, and the combination of the climatic change and the presence of humans -- of advanced Paleolithic humans — causes this wave of extinction.

There's a profound difference between the North American data and that of Europe, which summarize that the extinctions in northern Eurasia, in Europe, are moderate and staggered, and in North America severe and sudden. And these things relate to the differences in the timing of human arrival. The extinctions follow from human predation, but only at times of fundamental changes in the environment.

Questions Answer the questions below. What kind of physical characteristics eventually contributed to the extinction of Irish elk? What kind of nutrient substance needed in maintaining the huge size of Irish elk? What geographical evidence suggested the advent of human resulted in the extinction of Irish elk? Questions Matching choose the letter A-D and fill in box A.

Eurasia B. Australia C. Asia D. Which statement is true according the Stuart team's finding? Neanderthals rather than modem humans caused the extinction in Europe B.

Paleolithic humans in Europe along kill the big animals such as Giant deer C. Onion growers in eastern Oregon are adopting a system that saves water and keeps topsoil in place, while producing the highest quality "super colossal" onions. Pear growers in southern Oregon have reduced their use of some of the most toxic pesticides by up to two-thirds, and are still producing top-quality pears.

These are some of the results Oregon growers have achieved in collaboration with Oregon State University OSU researchers as they test new farming methods including integrated pest management IPM. Nationwide, however, IFM has not delivered results comparable to those in Oregon. A recent U. S General Accounting Office GAO report indicates that while integrated pest management can result in dramatically reduced pesticide use, the federal government has been lacking in effectively promoting that goal and implementing IPM.

Farmers also blame the government for not making the new options of pest management attractive. Green action groups disagree about the safety issue. Department of Agriculture and Oregon farmers to help develop agricultural systems that will save water and soil, and reduce pesticides. In response to the GAO report, the Centre is putting even more emphasis on integrating research and farming practices to improve Oregon agriculture environmentally and economically.

The work coming from OSU researchers must be adopted in the field and not simply languish in scientific journals. In Oregon, growers and scientists are working together to instigate new practices. For example, a few years ago scientists at OSU's Malheur Experiment Station began testing a new drip irrigation system to replace old ditches that wasted water and washed soil and fertilizer into streams.

The new system cut water and fertilizer use by half, kept topsoil in place and protected water quality. In addition, the new system produced crops of very large onions, rated "super colossal" and highly valued by the restaurant industry and food processors.

The new practices benefit the environment and give the growers their success. OSU researchers in Malheur next tested straw mulch and found that it successfully held soil in place and kept the ground moist with less irrigation. In addition, and unexpectedly, the scientists found that the mulched soil created a home for beneficial beetles and spiders that prey on onion thrips - a notorious pest in commercial onion fields - a discovery that could reduce the need for pesticides.

OSU researchers throughout the state have been working to reduce dependence on broad spectrum chemical sprays that are toxic to many kind of organisms, including humans. Picture perfect pears are an important product in Oregon and traditionally they have required lots of chemicals. In recent years, the industry has faced stiff competition from overseas producers, so any new methods that growers adopt must make sense economically as well as environmentally.

Hilton is testing a growth regulator that interferes with the molting of codling moth larvae. Another study used pheromone dispensers to disrupt codling moth mating. These and other methods of integrated pest management have allowed pear growers to reduce their use of organophosphates by two-thirds and reduce all other synthetic pesticides by even more and still produce top-quality pears. These and other studies around the state are part of the effort of the IPPC to find alternative farming practices that benefit both the economy and the environment.

Questions Use the information in the passage to match the people listed A-G with opinions or deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-G in boxes on your answer sheet. NB you may use any letter more than once A. Patrick Leahy C. Bill Bowler D.

Paul Jepson E. Art Pimms F. Steve Black G. Rick Hilton 1. There is a double-advantage to the new techniques. The work on developing these alternative techniques is not finished. Eating food that has had chemicals used in its production is dangerous to our health. Changing current farming methods into a new one is not a cheap process. Results have exceeded the anticipated goal. The research done should be translated into practical projects. The U. Expectations of end users of agricultural products affect the products.

Integrated Pest Management has generally been regarded as a success in j the across the US. Oregon farmers of apples and pears have been promoted as successful examples of Integrated Pest Management.

The IPPC uses scientists from different organisations globally Shaw mulch experiments produced unplanned benefits. The apple industry is now facing a lot of competition from abroad.

In the French minister of education, facing limited resources for schooling, sought a way to separate die unable from the merely lazy. Alfred Binet got the job of devising selection principles and his brilliant solution put a stamp on the study of intelligence and was the forerunner of intelligence tests still used today, he developed a thirty-problem test in , which tapped several abilities related to intellect, such as judgment and reasoning, the test determined a given child's mental age', the test previously established a norm for children of a given physical age.

A large disparity in the wrong direction e. This message was however lost, and caused many problems and misunderstanding later. Although Binet's test was popular, it was a bit inconvenient to deal with a variety of physical and mental ages. So in Wilhelm Stem suggested simplifying this by reducing die two to a single number, he divided the mental age by the physical age, and multiplied the result by An average child, irrespective of age, would score Terman, professor of psychology and education of Stanford university, in The practical side of psychometrics the development and use of tests became widespread quite early, by , when Einstein published his grand theory of relativity, mass-scale testing was already in use.

The military had to build up an army very quickly; it had two million inductees to sort out. Who would become officers and who enlisted men? Psychometricians developed two intelligence tests that helped sort all these people out, at least to some extent, this was the first major use of testing to decide who lived and who died, as officers were a lot safer on the battlefield, the tests themselves were given under horrendously bad conditions, and the examiners seemed to lack commonsense, a lot of recruits simply had no idea what to do and in several sessions most inductees scored zero!

The examiners also came up with the quite astounding conclusion from the testing that the average American adult's intelligence was equal to that of a thirteen-year-old!

Intelligence testing enforced political and social prejudice, their results were used to argue that Jews ought to be kept out of the united states because they were so intelligently inferior that they would pollute the racial mix; and blacks ought not to be allowed to breed at all.

And so abuse and test bias controversies continued to plaque psychometrics. Write the correct letter A-G in boxes on your answer sheet. Questions Choose the correct letter, A, B, c or D. Officers B. Normal Soldiers C. Examiners D. Submarine drivers. Give credit to the contribution of Binet in IQ test B. Computer technology was supposed to replace paper. But that hasn't happened.

Every country in the Western world uses more paper today, on a per- capita basis, than it did ten years ago. The consumption of uncoated free-sheet paper, for instance the most common kind of office paper — rose almost fifteen per cent in the United States between and A number of cognitive psychologists and ergonomics experts, however, don't agree. Paper has persisted, they argue, for very good reasons: when it comes to performing certain kinds of cognitive tasks, paper has many advantages over computers.

The dismay people feel at the sight of a messy desk — or the spectacle of air-traffic controllers tracking flights through notes scribbled on paper strips - arises from a fundamental confusion about the role that paper plays in our lives.

They begin their book with an account of a study they conducted at the International Monetary Fund, in Washington, D. Economists at the I. Nonetheless, the I. Their answer is that the business of writing reports - at least at the I. The economists bring drafts of reports to conference rooms, spread out the relevant pages, and negotiate changes with one other.

They go back to their offices and jot down comments in the margin, taking advantage of the freedom offered by the informality of the handwritten note. Then they deliver the annotated draft to the author in person, taking him, page by page, through the suggested changes.

At the end of the process, the author spreads out all the pages with comments on his desk and starts to enter them on the computer — moving the pages around as he works, organizing and reorganizing, saving and discarding. Without paper, this kind of collaborative and iterative work process would be much more difficult.

According to Sellen and Harper, paper has a unique set of "affordances" — that is, qualities that permit specific kinds of uses. Paper is tangible: we can pick up a document, flip through it, read little bits here and there, and quickly get a sense of it. And it's tailorable: we can easily annotate it, and scribble on it as we read, without altering the original text. Digital documents, of course, have then own affordances. They can be easily searched, shared, stored, accessed remotely, and linked to other relevant material.

But they lack the affordances that really matter to a group of people working together on a report. Sellen and Harper write: D. Paper enables a certain kind of thinking. Picture, for instance, the top of your desk. Chances are that you have a keyboard and a computer screen off to one side, and a clear space roughly eighteen inches square in front of your chair. What covers the rest of the desktop is probably piles- piles of papers, journals, magazines, binders, postcards, videotapes, and all the other artifacts of the knowledge economy.

The piles look like a mess, but they aren't. When a group at Apple Computer studied piling behavior several years ago, they found that even the most disorderly piles usually make perfect sense to the piler, and that office workers could hold forth in great detail about the precise history and meaning of thefr piles. The pile closest to the cleared, eighteen-inch-square working area, for example, generally represents the most urgent business, and within that pile the most important document of all is likely to be at the top.

Piles are living, breathing archives. Over time, they get broken down and resorted, sometimes chronologically and sometimes thematically and sometimes chronologically and thematically; clues about certain documents may be physically embedded in the file by, say, stacking a certain piece of paper at an angle or inserting dividers into the stack.

But why do we pile documents instead of filing them? Because piles represent the process of active, ongoing thinking. The psychologist Alison Kidd, whose research Sellen and Harper refer to extensively, argues that "knowledge workers" use the physical space of the desktop to hold "ideas which they cannot yet categorize or even decide how they might use. What we see when we look at the piles on our desks is, in a sense, the contents of our brains.

This idea that paper facilitates a highly specialized cognitive and social process is a far cry from the way we have historically thought about the stuff. Paper first began to proliferate in the workplace in the late nineteenth century as part of the move toward "systematic management.

Thus was born the monthly sales report, and the office manual and the internal company newsletter. The typewriter took off in the eighteen-eighties, making it possible to create documents in a fraction of the time it had previously taken, and that was followed closely by the advent of carbon paper, which meant that a typist could create ten copies of that document simultaneously.

Paper was important not to facilitate creative collaboration and thought but as an instrument of control. Questions The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-F Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-F from the list below. Favorable situation that economists used paper pages iv. Paragraph F Questions Summary Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer. Compared with digital documents, paper has several advantages.

First it allows clerks to work in a Next, paper is not like virtual digital versions, it's Finally, because it is However, shortcoming comes at the absence of convenience on task which is for a What do the economists from IMF say that their way of writing documents?

What is the implication of the "Piles " mentioned in the passage? What does the manager believe in sophisticated economy? Teamwork is the most important D. Terminated Dinosaur Era A. The age of dinosaurs, which ended with the cataclysmic bang of a meteor impact 65 million years ago, may also have begun with one.

Researchers found recently the first direct, though tentative, geological evidence of a meteor impact million years ago, coinciding with a mass extinction that eliminated half of the major groups of life and opened the evolutionary1 door for what was then a relatively small group of animals: dinosaurs.

The cause and timing of the ascent of dinosaurs has have been much debated. It has been impossible to draw any specific conclusions because the transition between the origin of dinosaurs and their ascent to dominance has not been sampled in detail.

Paul E. Olsen and his colleagues studied vertebrate fossils from 80 sites in four different ancient rift basins, part of a chain of rifts that formed as North America began to split apart from the supercontinent that existed million years ago.

In the layer of rock corresponding to the extinction, the scientists found elevated amounts of the rare element iridium. A precious metal belonging to the platinum group of elements, iridium is more abundant in meteorites than in rocks.

On Earth, A similar spike of iridium in 65 million- year-old rocks gave rise in the s to the theory that a meteor caused the demise of the dinosaurs. That theory remained controversial for years until it was corroborated by other evidence and the impact site was found off the Yucatan Peninsula. Scientists will need to examine the new iridium anomaly similarly.

The levels are only about one-tenth as high as those found at the later extinction. That could mean that the meteor was smaller or contained less iridium or that a meteor was not involved—iridium can also come from the Earth's interior, belched out by volcanic eruptions.

Michael J. Benton, a professor of vertebrate paleontology at the University of Bristol in England, described the data as "the first reasonably convincing evidence of an iridium spike". The scientists found more evidence of rapid extinction in a database of 10, fossilized footprints in former lake basins from Virginia to Nova Scotia.

Although individual species cannot usually be identified solely from their footprints — the tracks of a house cat, for example, resemble those of a baby tiger — footprints are much more plentiful than fossil bones and can provide a more complete picture of the types of animals walking around. Olsen said. Because the sediment piles up quickly in lake basins, the researchers were able to assign a date to each footprint, based on the layer of rock where it was found.

They determined that the mix of animals walking across what is now the East Coast of North America changed suddenly about million years ago.

The tracks of several major reptile groups continue almost up to the layer of rock marking the end of the Triassic geologic period million years ago, and then vanish in younger layers from the Jurassic period. Peter D. Ward, a professor of geology at the University of Washington. He called the data "very required more research. Or they may simply ignore the images in favor of the words if the layout is confusing. Showing every single action in continuous sequence is the least efficient and often dullest way of staging a scene and telling a story.

One means by which both movies and comic books make fiction more dramatic than real life is the manipulation of time. They show certain significant moments within their stories, while omitting others. Comics, unlike cinema, do so through still images, absorbed by different readers at their own speeds.

Because of this interactivity, there are two interrelated types of pacing in comics: The pace at which time seems to move within the story, and the pace at which your audience reads the story.

Wordy panels almost always slow down the reader, for example. However, because these elements all work in combination, any one technique can have different effects depending on context. For example, a large, silent panel in a contemplative scene may slow the reader. Your primary tool for controlling the pace of time within the story is panel arrangement.

You can heighten the impact of certain moments either by telescoping them into a sequence that seems slower than realtime, or by compressing them into a quicker sequence with more time elapsing between panels. And in Chapter 3, he shows how a long story can be increasingly compressed by removing entire sequences and individual panels, even to the point of paring it down to two simple yet clearly sequential and interrelated panels:.

A longer version of the same tale might include the main character Carl buying beer, getting in his car, veering off the road, in an ambulance, and at the hospital. Note the efficient use of subject-to-subject and action-to-action transitions to show only the moments most crucial to this brief narrative.

Time within individual panels is also malleable. One panel can depict a single moment in time, several moments, or a longer sequence of interdependent moments such as a back-and-forth conversation.

This can sometimes be achieved by showing multiple or blurred images of a character or object in the same panel the Flash superspeeding from one action to the next , but such tricks should be used only when necessary to the story. Have you ever gone to a movie, then later described the story to a friend? To work out your story structure, write an outline that at least covers your opening, turning points, climax, and resolution, focusing on characters as well as events.

Start by getting to know your main character s. Write brief personality profiles or bios of them. What must they do to make that journey — face their fears?

Forgive someone? Commit a crime? Make a sacrifice or compromise? Suffer a loss? Seek help? A young boy and his parents are walking home in the city one night. But everything changes when a mugger accosts them, then panics and shoots the parents. The boy, devastated, watches his mother and father die in the street. He vows vengeance. The boy grows into a driven young man. For years he trains in martial arts and hones his skills as a detective, all the while building his inherited fortune into a commercial empire.

He adopts the public persona of a flighty playboy to mask his inner obsession with justice. At last, as an adult, he deems himself ready to exact his revenge on the criminal underworld.

Inspired by a creature glimpsed flying past his window, he dons a dark costume and sets out to fight crime From the simple plot outlined above, you could spin your story in several different directions. Condense his backstory and show his early crime-fighting career. For instance, what would happen if:. Under any of these what-if scenarios, would Bruce Wayne become more callous or more caring?

Would he give up being Batman and seek other ways of pursuing justice, or is he fated to wear the cape and cowl? As you ask and answer questions such as these, write as much as you need to — then strip your story down to its essentials. Focus on turning points and on making every scene contribute to the progression of plot as well as characters.

Many narrative comics, like movies, follow a classic three-act structure that, at its most basic, is divided into beginning, middle, and end:. Act 1: Introduction and establishment of the central characters, setting, and problem or conflict.

And for an excellent discussion and critique of narrative structures, see Alternative Scriptwriting by Ken Dancyger and Jeff Rush listed on my page of resources for comic book creators. One piece of good news for budding writers and artists is that comics come in many formats these days.

You can even publish comics in chapters online, building up an audience, then collect them in print. Thanks to the popularization of manga, which are typically published as a series of small graphic novels, you now also have the option of writing longer tales broken down into large chapters. In addition, manga offer another form of paying gig: rewriting translated scripts. The translations can be stiff, so manga publishers often hire writers to polish the dialogue and captions.

In some cases, the plot dictates the format. If, on the other hand, you want to either 1 just get published and possibly make a few bucks on the back end or 2 work your way up to the big leagues, try small press or self-publishing. Indie publishers tend to offer a wider range of content and book formats. They can also be a good way to break in, giving you a chance to cut your teeth and gradually get noticed by fans, trade press, and other publishers.

The book publishers that are dabbling in graphic novels may be worth pitching to, but are probably a long shot for novices. Keep an eye on them nonetheless, and check out educational publishers too. Combine that with your character profiles and plot outline, and you should be ready to do a page breakdown see samples , then start on your script.

Try doing rough sketches of some scenes at first, to help yourself visualize panel and page layouts. Consider factors such as: Is there a built-in limit on the total number of pages? Which scenes are turning points that may require extra space and emphasis?

What kind of mood s and pace do you want to establish? Can any scenes be cut or condensed to improve the pacing? Will the story be serialized or self-contained? Now estimate the total page count of your story — and be generous. Allow extra room for elements such as establishing shots, action sequences, crowd scenes, sweeping vistas, and text-heavy pages. July 7, at Script Reader Pro says:. July 9, at MG says:.

June 28, at November 23, at Ramsi says:. July 22, at Saint Pius says:. May 22, at Richard Fletcher says:. May 9, at May 18, at AM says:. April 23, at May 6, at Jeff milne says:. March 15, at March 17, at Erik says:. March 13, at Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Search 10 Years of Help. This website uses cookies to improve your experience.

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